[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
psychoceramics: mind control stuff (fwd)
- To: p--@z--.net (Psychoceramics)
- Subject: psychoceramics: mind control stuff (fwd)
- From: Andrew C Bulhak <acb @ cs.monash.edu.au>
- Date: Wed, 29 Nov 1995 01:06:47 +1100 (EST)
- Reply-To: a--@c--.monash.edu.au
- Sender: owner-psychoceramics
Here's some random weirdness which showed up on a mailing list, and which,
after some deliberation, I have decided to forward to the List. If anybody
would rather that I didn't forward such large messages, please mail me
and say so.
(Notice how some of the terminology, such as "sub-threshold" sounds like
something from a Francis E. Dec rant ("threshold brainwash radio")...)
-- acb (who, incidentally, just read _Interface_ by Stephen Bury)
----- Forwarded message from Mitchell Porter -----
From: Mitchell Porter <qix @ desire.apana.org.au>
Subject: mind control stuff
This turned up on a list for Qld web-developers. I haven't sent it straight
to psychoceramics because of size. I do think the note at the beginning
deserves the attention of the list, but whether they should be burdened
with the five hundred lines that follow, I'll leave to your discretion.
(I think, probably not.)
-mitch, who finally has a working modem
>Date: Thu, 23 Nov 1995 17:18:29 +1000
>From: <a--@p--.apc.org>
>To: q_web-l--@p--.apc.org
>Subject: mind control compilation
/* Written 1:11 AM Nov 19, 1995 by b--@t--.ios.com in peg:alt.mindcontro */
/* ---------- "mind control compilation" ---------- */
> Will Fraser <WILLF--@M--USIC.CC.UGA.EDU> writes:
> I am a political science student and am beginning a compilation of theor
> personal experiences, news stories, and other descriptions of mind cont
> rol by government and /or secret societies. serious only please. e-mai
> l me any info text or addresses (esp. FTP and Gopher). Thanks.
>
>>>>
this article was downloaded from a BBs site( I don't recall)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
REMOTE MIND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Anna Keeler
There had been an ongoing controversy over health effects of electromagnetic
fields (EMF) for years (e.g., extremely low frequency radiation and the Navy's
Project Seafarer; emissions of high power lines and video display terminals;
radar and other military and industrial sources of radio frequencies and
microwaves, such as plastic sealers and molders). Less is known of Department of
Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) interest in anti-personnel
applications of the invisible energies. The ability of certain parameters of
EMF; to cause health effects, including neurological and behavioral
disturbances, has been part of the military and CIA arsenal for years.
Capabilities of the energies to cause predictable and exploitable effects or
damages can be gleaned from discussion of health effects from environmental
exposures. Interestingly, some scientists funded by the DOD or CIA to research
and develop invisible electromagnetic weapons have voiced strong concern
(perhaps even superior knowledge or compensatory to guilt) over potentially
serious consequences of environmental exposures.
Eldon Byrd who worked for Naval Surface Weapons, Office of Non-Lethal
Weapons, was commissioned in 1981 to develop electromagnetic devices for
purposes including "riot control," clandestine operations and hostage removal.
In the context of a controversy over reproductive hazards to Video Display
Terminal (VDT) operators, he wrote of alterations in brain function of animals
exposed to low intensity fields. Offspring of exposed animals "exhibited a
drastic degradation of intelligence later in life ... couldn't learn easy tasks
.... indicating a very definite and irreversible damage to the central nervous
system of the fetus." With VDT operators exposed to weak fields, there have been
clusters of miscarriages and birth defects (With evidence of central nervous
system damage to the fetus).
* Byrd also wrote of experiments where behavior of animals was
controlled by exposure to weak electromagnetic fields. "At a certain
frequency and power intensity, they could make the animal purr, lay down and
roll over."
** Jose Delgado, advocate of a psychocivilized society through mind control,
no longer implants electrodes in the brains of mental patients and prisoners; he
now induces profound behavioral changes (hyperactivity, passivity, etc.) by
exposing animals to precisely tuned EMFs. He has also written of genetic damage
produced by weak EMF fields, similar to (those emitted by VDTs.
Invariably, brain tissue damage and skeletal deformation was observed in
new born chicks that had been exposed. He was concerned enough to
check emissions from the appliances in his kitchen.
Ross Adey induces calcium efflux in brain tissue with low power level fields
(a basis for the CIA and military's "confusion weaponry") and has done
behavioral experiments with radar modulated at electroencephalogram (EEG)
rhythms. He is understandably concerned about environmental exposures within
1 to 30 Hz (cycles per second), either as a low frequency or an amplitude
modulation on a microwave or radio frequency, as these can physiologically
interact with the brain even at very low power densities.
Microwaves
Microwave health effects is a juncture where Department of Defense and
environmental concerns collide and part ways. Security, according to
Sam Koslov of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), first
prompt of low intensity (for non-thermal) microwaves. At times, up 70-80%
of the research was funded by the military. From 1965 to 1970, a study
dubbed Project Pandora was undertaken to determine the health and
psychological effects of low intensity microwaves, the so-called
"Moscow signal" registered at the American Embassy in Moscow. Initially,
there was confusion over whether the signal was an attempt to activate
bugging devices or for some other purpose. There was suspicion that the
microwave irradiation was being used as a mind control system. CIA agents
asked Scientists involved in microwave research whether microwaves beamed
at human beings from a distance could affect the brain and alter behavior.
Dr. Milton Zaret who on undertook to analyze Soviet's literature on
microwaves for the CIA, wrote: "For non-thermal irradiation, they believe
the electromagnetic fields induced by the microwave environments affects the
cell membrane, and this results in an increase of excitability or an increase
in the level of excitation of nerve cells. With repeated or continued
exposure, the increased excitability leads to a State of exhaustion of the
cells of the cerebral cortex."
Employees first learned of the irradiation ten years after Project Pandora
began. Before that, information had been parceled out on a strict "need to know"
basis, which excluded most employees at the compound. Due to secrecy, and
probably reports like Dr. Zaret's, Jack Anderson speculated that the CIA was
trying to cover up a Soviet effort at behavior modification through irradiation
of the U.S. diplomats, and that the cover-up was created to protect the CIA's
own mind control secrets.
Finally, an unusually large number of illnesses were reported among the
residents of the compound. U.S. Ambassador Walter Stoessel developed a rare
blood disease similar to leukemia; he was suffering headaches and bleeding
from the eyes. A source at the State Department informally admitted that
excessive radiation had been leaking from his telephone; an American high
frequency radio transmitter on the roof of the building had, when operating,
induced high frequency signals well above the U.S. safety standard through
the phones in the political section, as well as in lines to Stoessel's office.
No doubt, National Security Agency or CIA electronic devices also contributed
to the electromagnetic environment at the embassy, although values for these
were never released, as they are secret. Stoessel was reported as telling
his staff that the microwaves could cause leukemia, skin cancer, cataracts
and various forms of emotional illness.
White blood cell counts were estimated to be as high as 40%
above normal in one third of the staff, and serious chromosome damage was
uncovered.
The Soviets began research on biological effects of microwaves in 1953.
A special laboratory was set up at the Institute of Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences. Other labs were set up in the U.S.S.R.
and in Eastern Europe that study both effects of microwaves and low frequency
electromagnetic radiation. Years ago, in the halls of science, complaints
could be heard that Soviet experiments regarding bio-effects couldn't be
duplicated due to insufficient details in their Scientific literature,
although, according to one DOD official, 75% of the U.S. papers on the
subject carried insufficient parameters for duplication. Scientists even
questioned, with McCarthy-like sentiments whether the Soviets were
attenuating to frighten or mis-infom with false scientific reporting of
bio-effects. It was unthinkable, according to cruder scientific theory,
that non-thermal levels of microwaves could cause harm. Impetus for a
study of such effect came not from concern for the public, but rather in the
military and intelligence community's suspicion of the Soviets, and their
equally strong interest in developing exploitable anti-personnel effects - an
interest that continues unabated today.
The CIA and DOD "security" concerns metamorphsized into research and
development of invisible weapons capable of impacting on health and
psychological processes. In fact, due to the finding of startling effects,
DARPA's security became even tighter, and a new code name - "Bizarre" - was
assigned to the project.
Scientist Allen Frey of Randomline, Inc. was always more interested in low
intensity microwave hazards: thermal effects were known. During project
Pandora, the Navy funded such projects of his, as how to use low average
power intensities, to: induce heart seizures; create leaks in the blood
brain barrier, which would allow neurotoxins in the blood to cross and cause
neurological damage or behavioral disorders; and how produce
auditory hallucination or "microwave hearing", during which
the person can hear tones that seem to be coming from within
the head or from directly behind it.
In 1976, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) released a report in
which tehy attributed the results of Dr. Frey's, who acknowledges that
his work was misattributed, he had thought up the projects himself. The
DILLA, but not the CIA, is allowed to use "mirror imaging" and "net
assessment" in their reports, ie, respectively, the attribution of one's
own motives and weapons capabilitiesto "the other side," in this case,
the Soviets. It follows, that there is nothing to prevent them from
releasing a report prepared in this manner, and thus muddy the water of
decision making, prevert public opinion, stoke up congressional funding
or enlist the support of naive scieintists to counter "the threat." There
was strong through the American press, but apparently the DIA, at least
ion some issues, can dish it up the impunity.
The 1976 DIA report also credits the Soviets with other
capabilities, stating, "Sounds and possibly even words which
apear to be originating internally can be induced by signal
modulation at very low power densities." Dr. Sharp, a
Pandora resarch at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
some of whose work was so secret that he couldn't tell his
boss, conducted an experiment in which the human brain has
received a message carried to it by microwave transmission.
Sharp was able to recognize spoken wordds that were
modulated on a microwave carrier frequency by an "audiogram,"
an analog of the words' sound vibrations, and carried into his
head in a chamber where he sat.
* Dr. James Lin of Wayne State University has written a
book entitled "Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications."
It explores the possible mechanisms for the phenomenon, and
discusses possibilities for the deaf, as persons with
certain types of hearing loss can still hear pulsed
microwaves (as tones or clicks and buzzes, if words aren't
modulated on). Lin mentions the Sharp experiment and
comments, "The capability of communicating directly with humans by pulsed
microwaves is obviously not limited to the field of therapeutic medicine."
Dr. Robert O. Becker, twice nominated for the Noble
prize for his health work in bio-electromagnetism, was more
explicit in his concern over illicit government activity.
He wrote of "obvious application in covert operations
designed to drive a target crazy with "voices." What is
frightening is that words, transmitted vialow density
microwaves or radio frequencies, or by other covert methods,
might be used to create influence.
For instance, accordind to a 1984 U.S. House of Representatives
report, a large number of stores throughout the country use high
frequency transmitted words (aboive the range of human hearing) to
discourage shoplifing. Stealing is reported to be reducec by as much
as 80% in some cases.
Dr. Frey also did experiments on reduction of aggression. Rats who
were accustomed to fighting viciously when their tails were pinched,
accepted the pinching with relative passivity when irradiated with pulsed
microwaves in the ultra high frequency range (UHF) at a power density of
less than 1,000 microwatts/cm^2. He has also done low
intensity microwave expeirment degrading motor coordination
and balance. When asked about weapons application of his
work, he answered by refeering to himself as "just a
biological theoris," and his work for the Navy, "basic
medical research."
Lie Before Congress
In 1976, George H. Heilmeier, director of Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) responded to a mailgram to President Ford from
Don Johnson of Oakland, parapharsing Johnson's concern, and assuring him
that the DARPA sponsored Army/Navy Pandora experiments were "never
directed at the use of microwaves as a surveillance tool, nor in a
weapons concept." Don Johnson lingered in the memory of one DOD official
who sponsored microwave research in the 1970s. Johnson was enigmatically
described as "brilliant.. schizoprenic was done." (Scientists who have
disagreed with the DOD on health effects of mcirowaves and on the U.S.
exposure standard, have received scant more respect and have had their cut.)
The next year, Heilmeier elaborated in a written respons eto an
inquiry before Congress, " . . This agency [DARPA] is not aware of any
resarch projects, classified or unclaissied, conducted under the auspices
of the Defense Department, now ongoing, or in the past, which would have
probed possibilites of uitlitzing mcirowave radiaiton in a form of what
is popular known as "mind control." We do not foresee the development by
DARPA of weapons using microwaves and actively being directed toward
altering nervous system function or behavior. Neither are we aware of
any of our own forces... developing such weapons.."
The Remote Mind Control Technology
(Part 2 of 2 parts)
Finally memoranda were released that rendered the goals of Pandora transparent.
Richard Cesaro initiator of Pandora and director of DARPA's Advanced Sensor
program, justified the project in that 'little or no work has been done in
investigation of the subtle behavioral changes which may be evolved by a low-
level electromagnetic field." Researchers had long ago established that direct
stimulus of the brain could alter behavior. The question raised by radio
frequencies_- microwaves or radio frequencies of the UHF or VHF band_was whether
the electromagnetic could have a similar effect at very low levels. Pandora's
initial goal: to discover whether a carefully constructed microwave signal could
control the mind. In the context of long term low-level effects: Cesaro felt
that central nervous system effects could be important, and urged their study
"for potential weapons applications." After testing a low-level modulated
microwave signal on a chimpanzee and within approximately a week causing stark
performance decrements and behavioral disorganization, Cesaro wrote "the
potential of exerting a degree of control on human behavior by low-level
microwaves seems to exist. " On the basis of the primate study extensive
discussions took place and plans were made to extend the studies to humans.
According to a former DOD security analyst one such microwave experiment with
human subjects took place at Lorton Prison in the early 1970s.
* He said that such research (in a weapons context) has occurred on
behavioral effects of microwaves since 1976. He also asked "Why are you
so concerned about then'? What about now? They can call anyone a
terrorist. Who are they using it on now?"
* Behavioral Effects
In June 1970 a government think tank, Rand Corporation published a report by
R.J. MacGregor, entitled "A Brief Survey of Literature Relating to Influence
of Low Intensity Microwaves on Nervous Functions." After noting that the
U.S. microwave guideline in effect in 1970 for the public, 10,000
microwatts/cm^2 (now the industrial and military "guideline") is proscribed
from consideration of the rate that thermal effects are dissipated, the
author, a specialist in modeling neural networks states that scientific
studies have consistently shown that humans exhibit behavioral disturbances
when subjected to non-thermal levels of microwaves well below this level.
The symptoms that MacGregor lists for those humans exposed more or less
regularly at work or in the living environment are insomnia, irritability,
loss of memory, fatigue, headache, tremor, hallucination, autonomic
disorders, and disturbed sensory functioning. He reports that swelling
and distention of nerve cells have been produced at intensities as low
as 1,000 microwatts/cm^2 (the current U.S. guideline for the public).
In a Companion Rand paper June 1970 entitled "A Direct Mechanism for
the Direct Influence of Microwave Radiation on Neuroelectric Function,"
"MacGregor" sets forth the idea that the electrical component of microwave
radiation induces transmembrane potentials in nerve cells and thereby
disturbs nervous function and behavior. Microwaves penetrate and are
absorbed more deeply so that they can produce a direct effect on the
central nervous system. With smaller wave lengths the principal
absorption occurs near the body surface and causes peripheral or "lower"
nervous system effects.
Dr. Milton Zaret who analyzed neurological effects for the CIA during
Project Pandora (he is now one of the few doctors willing to take the
government on by testifying on behalf of plaintiffs filing claims for
microwave health damage) wrote that "receptors of the brain are susceptible
and react to extremely low intensities of microwave radiation if this is delivered in
accordance with appropriate "coding."
Coding is reported to be influenced by the character of the signal so as to
be a function, for example, of the shape and amplitude of the pulse or
waveform.
Dr. Ross Adey, formerly of the Brain Research Center at University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, now at Loma Linda University Medical
School, Loma Linda, California was among the first of the Pandora
researchers. His work is more precise in inducing specific behavior
rather than merely causing disorganization or decrements in performance_that
is, apart from his studies on inducing calcium efflux in brain tissue which
causes interference with the function of the brain and is one basis of
"Confusion Weaponry."
More Specifically Adey's thesis is that if the electroencephalogram
(EEG) has informational significance, "one can induce behavioral changes if
one imposes environmental fields that look like EEG. During Adey's career
he has correlated a wide variety of behavioral states with EEG including
emotional states (e.g. stress in hostile questioning) increments of decision
making and conditioning correct versus incorrect performance etc. and he has
imposed electromagnetic fields that look like EEG which has resulted in
altered EEG and behavior.
*** In published accounts of Adey's work, he has shown that it is possible
to apply low biologic frequencies by using a radio frequency carrier
modulated at specific brain frequencies. He demonstrated that if the
biological modulation on the carrier frequency is close to frequencies
in the natural EEG of the subject it will reinforce or increase the number
of manifestation of the imposed rhythms and modulate behavior.
*The Conditioning paradigm: animals were trained through aversion to produce
specific brain wave rhythms; animals trained in a field with the same rhythm
amplitude modulated on it, differed significantly from control animals in
both accuracy and resistance to extinction (at least 50 days versus 10 in the
controls). Then the fields were used on untrained animals occurrence of the
applied rhythm increased in the animals' EEG.
Dr. Adey is an accomplished scientist which lead one to believe the
Significance of this experiment goes beyond mere reinforcement of the
animal's brain waves. Did the rhythms that he chose to apply have special
significance with relation to information processing or conditioning? The
4.5 theta rhythm that he applied was the natural reoccurring frequency that
he had measured in the hippocampus during a phase of avoidance learning.
The hippocampus as Adey wrote in an earlier paper, "... involves neural
processes connected with consolidation of memory traces. It relates
closely to the need for focusing attention and the degree to which
recapitulation of past experience is imposed. One might add to ensure
survival.
Does it follow that an EEC modulated carrier frequency can he used to enhance
human avoidance learning? You bet, tact provided the same careful procedures
are followed with humans as were with animals, the same result would accrue.
Recall again the goals of Pandora_to discover whether a carefully constructed
electromagnetic signal could direct the mind.
The obvious question becomes how many and with how much accuracy can behavioral
states or "frames of mind" be intentionally imposed, that is, apart from the
certain technological capability to promote disorganization and degradation of
perception and performance through use of the fields.
In fact many components of Warning or conditioning including affect
(i.e. feeling or emotional states) can be imposed through use of the
fields from a distance e.g. behavioral arousal orienting reflex,
subliminal stress (alarm reaction without realization of the contextual
significance) so-called levels of consciousness, inhibition of Cerebral
function which would render one more susceptible to suggestion or
influence and so on.
All components necessary to produce behavioral conditioning, including
ways to provide contextual significance can be applied from a distance
(i.e. without direct brain contact, as was necessary in older behavior
modification experiments.).
Another indication that the government entertained notions of behavior
control through use of fields and sound is a 1974 research proposal by J.F.
Schapilz. To test his theory his plan was to record EEG correlates induced
by various drugs and then to modulate these biological frequency on a
microwave carrier. " Could the same behavioral states be produced by in
posing these brain wave frequencies on human subjects? His plan went further
and included inducing hypnotic states and using words modulated on a microwave
carrier frequency to attempt to covertly condition subjects to perform
various acts." The plan as released (through the Freedom of information Act)
seems less part of a careful recipe for influenceq than Adey's and other DOD
scientists' work, and may have been released to mislead by lending an
"information beam" science fiction-like quality to the work.
The end of Project Pandora may have signified the end of research into the
cause of effects of the varying frequencies registered at the American
embassy in Moscow_some known to be due to CIA and National Security Agency
equipment but interest in microwave and biological frequency weapons did not
wane. Indeed there are indications of applications. As we have seen
research that began in response to a security concern, transformed almost
overnight into a search for weapons applications, while cloaked in
disinformation about the Soviets. What types of weapons?
There Are Three Possibilities:
(1) That microwaves, perhaps modulated with low biological frequencies are
used from a distance to cause performance decrements and disorganization by
interfering with neuro-electric function; or by causing Central nervous
system effects subjective feelings of ill health or health syndrome
associated with periodic exposures at intensities below 10,000 microwatts/cm^2.
(2) That microwaves are used to create organ specific effects e.g. tissues
with less blood circulation like the gall bladder lens of the eye, etc. can
compensate less to increased heating; heart disfunctions can be caused;
lesions or necrosis of internal tissues can be induced without a subject
necessarily feeling heat and symptoms might manifest later at certain
frequencies. Slight heating or hot spots can be created at the center
of the head; there is an ongoing Navy contract to find parameters to
disrupt human metabolic functions; or
(3) That they are used in an interdisciplinary approach to remote conditioning
by creating information processing effects, as Dr. Adey's work shows, or to
induce "feeling" or "emotional" elements of cognition such as excitatory
reactions, subliminal stress, behavioral arousal, enhanced suggestibility by
inhibition of higher functions, or various other EEG or behavioral effects.
There are strong indications that microwaves have been used to cause the
decrements. There is no question but that the U.S. military and the CIA
know the behavioral or psychoactive significance of applied biological
rhythms and other frequencies, as this was part of the thrust of their work
during Pandora. Inducing emotion or feelings through use of
electromagnetic fields, and then synchronizing the feelings with words
(symbolic of ideas) would be an effective way to induce preferences or
attitude change, because it would mirror natural thought processes. The
question seems less whether conditioning through use of covert
technology is possible, than whether there has been a policy choice
to use it. If the results of their research are used as part of a system
that can condition behavioral responses from a distance, it is a secret
that they hold close like a baby.
Richard Helms wrote of such a system in the mid-1960s while he was CIA Plans
Director. He spoke of "sophisticated approaches to the 'coding' of
information for transmittal to population targets in the 'battle for the
minds of men' ..." and of "an approach integrating biological, social and
physical-mathematical research in attempts ... to control behavior." He
found particularly notable, "use of modern information theory, automata
theory, and feedback concepts ... for a technology for controlling behavior
.... using information inputs as causative agents." Due to Project Pandora,
it is now known that applied biological (and other) frequencies can also be
used as direct "information inputs" (e.g., of feeling or emotion) and to
reinforce brain rhythms associated with conditioning and information
processing. One way to get such a signal into a human may be through
use of a high frequency carrier frequency. Results of research into information
processing, unconscious processes, decision making, memory processes, and
evoked brain potentials would likely be exploited or integrated in an
interdisciplinary system.
Covert technological influence is not so foreign to the American way of life
as one may think.
** It was reported in a 1984 U.S. House of Representatives hearing
that high frequency audio transmissions are applied, for instance, in some
department stores to prevent theft (one East Coast department store chain was
reported to have saved S600,000 over a nine-month period), and in some
grocery stores with the result that employee induced cash shortages
significantly decreased and employees are better mannered.
In other words, as Helms wrote of, verbal messages are delivered at
frequencies above human hearing. Technology for commercial applications
is relatively sophisticated (one studio uses a "layered" approach and 31
channels in preparing tapes; some employ a "dual coding" approach,
integrating scientific knowledge of information processing modes of the
two brain hemispheres, and others use techniques where a consumer is
spoken to as a three year old child). There is no U.S. law
specifically regulating these types of transmission (over radio and TV a
Federal Communication Commission "catch all" provision might apply).
If industry uses undetectable audio transmissions to meet
security concerns, it seems that the military and CIA would exploit the
same technology and would have developed much more sophisticated
technology for applications. The public's conception of
"subliminal" [programming] is naive compared to capabilities.
The military has studied and considered for usefulness in a warfare and
psychological warfare context a wide range of biological or pharmacological
substances. In the memo referred to above, Helms wrote that the U.S. is five
years ahead of the Soviets in pharmacological agents producing behavioral
effects. Some of these substances would increase susceptibility to influence
if incorporated in the multi-disciplinary approach he wrote of.
A side effect of lowered resistance to sub-threshold stimulus might be that,
some would become aware of illicit influence (even under normal circumstances
there is a wide variation in sensitivity among individuals to sub-threshold
stimulus; normal individuals whom psychology terms "reducers" are much more
sensitive in this way; actually, most schizophrenics are extreme reducers, and
therefore, much more aware of stimulus that others aren't cognizant of).
Convenient to the agencies involved in covert influence, is that among
primary symptoms of schizophrenia or mental illness are ideas that one is
being influenced by transmission" (e.g. radio frequencies), "voices" or even
telepathy; unless complaints about covert psychological weapons are well
organized, they would lend to be discounted as indicative of mental
----- End of forwarded message from Mitchell Porter -----
--
a--@c--.monash.edu.au "These crazy words of mine,
http://www.zikzak.net/~acb so wrong they could be..."